The regulation of flavonoid biosyntheses in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is well characterized already. A regulated procedure of biosynthesis without frictionless and functional cooperation of many regulatory transcription factors is not possible. In this work, three different transcription factors were analysed in detail, MYB75 as well as BHLH2/BHLH42 and TTG1. These are regulators of the dihydroflavonol-reductase (DFR), the key enzyme of the anthocyanin biosynthesis. To understand the regulatory mechanism, binding of transcription factors among each other and to the target-DNA was analyzed with new methods from the physics like fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).
With FCS and recombinant expressed proteins, promoter attachment sites of the transcription factor complex were identified. Simultaneous binding of both transcription factors to specific binding sites was shown, while binding of single transcription factors has not been observed. To visualize the localization and interaction of the transcription factors among each other and to the promoter DNA in plant cells, transcription factors were fused to fluorescent proteins (eGFP, mCherry). With transient protoplast transfection and stable plant transfection, functionality and localization of fusion proteins was shown in plant cells (protoplasts and seedlings). MYB proteins showed accumulation ubiquitous in cells, while bHLH proteins are exclusively located in the nucleus. Complementation lines and promoter-GUS-lines showed expression of bHLH factors in all organs of young seedlings. MYB75 expression is shown mainly in hypocotyl cells only with sucrose treatment. Transcription factor mutant plants are able to complement with fusion proteins expressed under the control of the native promoter. Interaction studies with FRET and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) have validated interaction of the proteins among each other in the nucleus of plant cells. BHLH proteins showed homodimerization as well as heterodimerization with different members of subgroup IIIf, while MYB proteins are only able to interact with bHLH proteins.