In this paper, we propose to reconcile the controversial debate on Muslim "vote banks" in India

by shifting the spatial focus from state-wide assessments to the level of constituencies. At the

example of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh in the 2014 general elections, and using an innovative

booth-level ecological inference model, we show that Muslims might indeed vote en bloc for or

against certain parties, but they tend to do so in a much more localised way than previously

assumed. While public Muslim support for the BJP did not translate into electoral support in most

places, there are important exceptions to this trend – and at least in the case of Uttar Pradesh, their

support for competing parties followed a fairly complex spatial pattern. We further explore this

spatial variation in Muslim vote pattern by looking at the moderating impact of minority

concentration, violent communal history, and ethnic co-ordination and conclude with a call for more

disaggregated research.