Große-Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete ; Oetringhaus, Jan Fiete Große-: Measurement of the charged particle multiplicity in proton–proton collisions with the ALICE detector. 2009
Inhalt
- 1 Theoretical Framework
- 1.1 The Standard Model
- 1.2 The Quark–Gluon Plasma
- 1.3 High-Energy Collisions
- 1.4 The Quark–Gluon String Model and the Dual Parton Model
- 1.5 Event Generators
- 1.6 Charged-Particle Multiplicity
- 2 Multiplicity Measurements at Energies Below the LHC Energy
- 3 The Large Hadron Collider
- 4 The ALICE Detector
- 4.1 The Central Barrel
- 4.1.1 The Inner Tracking System (ITS)
- 4.1.2 The Time-Projection Chamber (TPC)
- 4.1.3 The Transition-Radiation Detector (TRD)
- 4.1.4 The Time-Of-Flight Detector (TOF)
- 4.1.5 The Photon Spectrometer (PHOS)
- 4.1.6 The ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal)
- 4.1.7 The High-Momentum Particle Identification Detector (HMPID)
- 4.1.8 The ALICE Cosmic Ray Detector (ACORDE)
- 4.2 Forward Detectors
- 4.2.1 The Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD)
- 4.2.2 The Forward Multiplicity Detector (FMD)
- 4.2.3 The V0 detector
- 4.2.4 The T0 detector
- 4.2.5 The Zero-Degree Calorimeter (ZDC)
- 4.3 The MUON Spectrometer
- 4.4 The Data Acquisition (DAQ)
- 4.5 The ALICE Trigger System
- 4.6 The ALICE Offline Software Framework
- 4.6.1 Dataflow
- 4.6.2 The AliEn Framework
- 4.6.3 The AliRoot Framework
- 4.6.4 The CERN Analysis Facility (CAF)
- 4.7 ALICE Startup Configuration
- 5 Event and Track Selection
- 5.1 Minimum-Bias Triggers
- 5.2 Event Selection
- 5.3 Primary-Particle Definition
- 5.4 Tracklet and Track Selection
- 5.5 Datasets Used in this Thesis
- 6 Pseudorapidity-Density Measurement
- 6.1 Procedure Overview
- 6.2 Corrections
- 6.2.1 Correction Procedure
- 6.2.2 Track-to-Particle Correction
- 6.2.3 Vertex-Reconstruction Correction
- 6.2.4 Trigger-Bias Correction
- 6.2.5 Low-Momentum Cut-Off Correction
- 6.2.6 Estimation of the Required Simulated Data
- 6.3 Systematic Uncertainties
- 6.3.1 Cross-sections of Physics Processes
- 6.3.2 Particle Composition
- 6.3.3 pT Spectrum
- 6.3.4 Event-Generator Assumptions
- 6.3.5 Beam-Gas and Beam-Halo Events
- 6.3.6 Pile-Up Events
- 6.3.7 Material Budget
- 6.3.8 Misalignment
- 6.3.9 Tracklet and Track Selection
- 6.3.10 Summary of the Systematic Uncertainties
- 6.4 Towards the Corrected dNdeta Distribution
- 6.5 Summary
- 7 Multiplicity Distribution Measurement
- 7.1 Procedure Overview
- 7.2 Corrections
- 7.2.1 Detector Response
- 7.2.2 Unfolding by Chi2-Minimization
- 7.2.3 Bayesian Unfolding
- 7.2.4 Trigger-Bias and Vertex-Reconstruction Correction
- 7.3 Evaluation of the Unfolding Methods
- 7.3.1 Performance Measure
- 7.3.2 Chi2-Minimization
- 7.3.3 Bayesian Unfolding
- 7.3.4 Comparison of Chi2-Minimization and Bayesian Unfolding
- 7.3.5 Sensitivity to Initial Conditions
- 7.3.6 Conclusions
- 7.4 Systematic Uncertainties
- 7.4.1 Characterization of a Systematic Uncertainty
- 7.4.2 Uncertainty of the Unfolding Methods
- 7.4.3 Cross-sections of Physics Processes
- 7.4.4 Particle Composition
- 7.4.5 pT Spectrum
- 7.4.6 Event-Generator Assumptions
- 7.4.7 Beam-Gas and Beam-Halo Events
- 7.4.8 Pile-Up Events
- 7.4.9 Material Budget
- 7.4.10 Misalignment
- 7.4.11 Tracklet Selection
- 7.4.12 Summary of the Systematic Uncertainties
- 7.5 Towards the Corrected Multiplicity Distribution
- 7.6 Summary
- 8 Predictions for LHC Energies
- 8.1 Quark–Gluon String Model
- 8.2 Pythia and Phojet
- 8.3 Two-Component Approach with NBDs
- 8.4 Multiple-Parton Interaction Interpretation
- 8.5 Trends in Multiple-Particle Production
- 8.6 Summary
- A Kinematic Variables
- B The ALICE Coordinate System
- C Normalized DCA Cut (Nsigma-cut)
- D The Shuttle Framework