Health is a key issue in the development of a stable global social, political and economic structure in the 21st century. Better and reasonable health is a global goal. Great progress has been made during the past decades in the biomedical fields in the understanding of diseases, developing new diagnostic technologies and new medicines for better prevention and treatment of illness. The emergence of new diseases directly and indirectly affecting human activity through environmental changes is a new major scientific challenge. Research and development (R&D) is the heart of all advances and has the capacity to solve problems facing humanity. The paper aims to explore the biomedical R&D in the therapeutic segments of the pharmaceutical drug industry in India. The paper also highlights factors influencing the growth of biomedical R&D in therapeutic areas, the market and investments, and elaborates on the R&D pipeline of firms and public research for biomedical drugs in the current healthcare system in India.