Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is widely recognized as a powerful tool for tackling biomedical problems based on its chemically specific label-free contrast, high spatial and spectral resolution, and high sensitivity. However, the clinical translation of CRS imaging technologies has long been hindered by traditional solid-state lasers with environmentally sensitive operations and large footprints. Ultrafast fibre lasers can potentially overcome these shortcomings but have not yet been fully exploited for CRS imaging, as previous implementations have suffered from high intensity noise, a narrow tuning range and low power, resulting in low image qualities and slow imaging speeds. Here, we present a novel high-power self-synchronized two-colour pulsed fibre laser that achieves excellent performance in terms of intensity stability (improved by 50 dB), timing jitter (24.3 fs), average power fluctuation (<0.5%), modulation depth (>20 dB) and pulse width variation (<1.8%) over an extended wavenumber range (2700–3550 cm−1). The versatility of the laser source enables, for the first time, high-contrast, fast CRS imaging without complicated noise reduction via balanced detection schemes. These capabilities are demonstrated in this work by imaging a wide range of species such as living human cells and mouse arterial tissues and performing multimodal nonlinear imaging of mouse tail, kidney and brain tissue sections by utilizing second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence, which provides multiple optical contrast mechanisms simultaneously and maximizes the gathered information content for biological visualization and medical diagnosis. This work also establishes a general scenario for remodelling existing lasers into synchronized two-colour lasers and thus promotes a wider popularization and application of CRS imaging technologies.